Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the overall analyzed cohort, survivors and non-survivors
From: Risk prediction in medically treated chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
|
All N = 432 |
Survivors N = 338 |
Non-survivors N = 94 | P value# | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.54 ± 12.25 | 53.23 ± 12.24 | 54.68 ± 12.26 | 0.185 |
| Males, n (%) | 226 (52.3) | 173 (51.2) | 53 (56.4) | 0.372 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.01 ± 3.90 | 24.15 ± 3.82 | 23.51 ± 4.15 | 0.080 |
| Time from symptoms to diagnosis (months) | 29.84 ± 33.34 | 29.43 ± 32.76 | 31.34 ± 35.50 | 0.412 |
| Newly diagnosis, n (%) | 256 (59.3) | 197 (58.3) | 59 (62.8) | 0.434 |
| WHO-FC, n (%) | 0.069 | |||
| I/II | 207 (47.9) | 169 (50.0) | 38 (40.4) | |
| III | 199 (46.1) | 152 (45.0) | 47 (50.0) | |
| IV | 26 (6.0) | 17 (5.0) | 9 (9.6) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.95 ± 16.78 | 117.31 ± 16.64 | 115.68 ± 17.31 | 0.407 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.81 ± 40.03 | 79.21 ± 44.85 | 77.38 ± 11.11 | 0.411 |
| 6MWD (m) | 352.59 ± 107.51 | 360.93 ± 10.328 | 322.60 ± 117.28 | 0.010 |
| Borg dyspnea index | 2.76 ± 2.01 | 2.7 ± 1.98 | 2.98 ± 2.11 | 0.386 |
| Hemodynamics | ||||
| SvO2 (%) | 63.69 ± 10.59 | 64.90 ± 9.96 | 59.35 ± 11.66 | < 0.001 |
| HR (beats) | 81.67 ± 13.71 | 81.45 ± 13.91 | 82.45 ± 13.02 | 0.573 |
| RVSP (mmHg) | 86.80 ± 23.48 | 85.22 ± 23.64 | 92.47 ± 22.09 | 0.012 |
| RVEDP (mmHg) | 9.07 ± 7.81 | 8.48 ± 7.78 | 11.20 ± 7.56 | 0.001 |
| RAP (mmHg) | 7.18 ± 5.50 | 6.60 ± 4.94 | 9.26 ± 6.79 | 0.001 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 87.22 ± 21.09 | 85.64 ± 20.71 | 92.91 ± 21.55 | 0.006 |
| dPAP (mmHg) | 31.53 ± 11.47 | 30.68 ± 10.65 | 34.61 ± 13.67 | 0.007 |
| mPAP (mmHg) | 50.36 ± 13.38 | 49.14 ± 12.50 | 54.77 ± 15.44 | 0.002 |
| CI (L·min−1·m−2) | 2.35 ± 0.83 | 2.47 ± 0.86 | 1.92 ± 0.57 | < 0.001 |
| PAWP (mm Hg) | 8.16 ± 3.35 | 8.17 ± 3.50 | 8.13 ± 2.78 | 0.943 |
| PVR (dyn·s·cm−5) | 1014.38 ± 520.39 | 919.07 ± 425.89 | 1357.10 ± 667.84 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory test | ||||
| NT-proBNP (fmol/L)* | 810.25 (223.78: 2313.00) | 723.00 (181.90: 2093.00) | 1458.00 (402.88: 3774.00) | 0.003 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 149.59 ± 20.38 | 149.70 ± 20.00 | 149.23 ± 21.79 | 0.668 |
| Uric acid (µmol/L) | 418.21 ± 126.38 | 411.47 ± 121.57 | 442.41 ± 140.40 | 0.080 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.23 ± 1.25 | 5.27 ± 1.18 | 5.09 ± 1.50 | 0.028 |
| TBIL (µmol/L) | 22.44 ± 14.81 | 21.08 ± 14.00 | 27.31 ± 29.27 | 0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 29.09 ± 21.39 | 28.76 ± 21.26 | 30.27 ± 21.93 | 0.743 |
| AST (IU/L) | 28.65 ± 19.47 | 27.94 ± 18.54 | 31.20 ± 22.42 | 0.020 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 82.27 ± 18.95 | 80.91 ± 18.86 | 87.15 ± 18.58 | 0.005 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.38 ± 2.00 | 6.19 ± 1.88 | 7.06 ± 2.29 | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary function test | ||||
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 80.42 ± 16.88 | 80.88 ± 16.80 | 78.77 ± 17.18 | 0.211 |
| FEV1/FVC (% predicted) | 82.08 ± 14.29 | 82.69 ± 13.82 | 79.81 ± 15.82 | 0.055 |
| DLCO (% predicted) | 67.37 ± 17.34 | 67.88 ± 17.46 | 65.54 ± 16.87 | 0.148 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 64.13 ± 7.53 | 64.07 ± 7.18 | 64.33 ± 8.72 | 0.936 |
| LAAPD (mm) | 32.68 ± 6.13 | 32.56 ± 5.95 | 33.10 ± 6.75 | 0.746 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 37.52 ± 7.11 | 37.65 ± 11.22 | 35.83 ± 7.39 | 0.006 |
| RVAPD (mm) | 38.88 ± 11.11 | 37.65 ± 11.22 | 43.29 ± 9.52 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 17 (3.9) | 12 (3.6) | 5 (5.3) | 0.435 |
| COPD | 10 (2.3) | 8 (2.4) | 2 (2.1) | 0.891 |
| Coronary heart disease | 31 (7.2) | 23 (6.8) | 8 (8.5) | 0.571 |
| Diabetes | 18 (4.2) | 15 (4.4) | 3 (2.2) | 0.593 |
| Hypertension | 88 (20.4) | 69 (20.4) | 19 (20.2) | 0.966 |
| Chronic kidney disease** | 92 (21.3) | 61 (18.0) | 31 (33.0) | 0.002 |
| OSAS | 27 (6.3) | 26 (7.7) | 1 (1.1) | 0.019 |
| Thyroid disease | 14 (3.2) | 9 (2.7) | 5 (5.3) | 0.198 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 251 (58.1) | 192 (56.8) | 59 (62.8) | 0.300 |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 104 (24.1) | 88 (26.0) | 16 (17.0) | 0.071 |
| Obesity | 47 (10.9) | 37 (10.9) | 10 (10.6) | 0.932 |
| Pericardial effusion | 42 (9.7) | 30 (8.9) | 12 (12.8) | 0.260 |
| Targeted drugs, n (%)※ | ||||
| Any targeted drugs | 239 (55.3) | 193 (57.1) | 46 (48.9) | 0.159 |
| ERAs | 56 (13.0) | 47 (139) | 9 (9.6) | 0.269 |
| PDE5i | 169 (39.1) | 132 (39.1) | 37 (39.4) | 0.915 |
| PCA | 37 (8.6) | 31 (9.2) | 6 (6.4) | 0.393 |
| Combination therapy | 40 (9.3) | 34 (10.1) | 6 (6.4) | 0.182 |
| Anticoagulation, n (%) | ||||
| Warfarin | 366 (84.7) | 279 (82.5) | 87 (92.6) | 0.017 |
| DOAC | 28 (6.5) | 27 (8.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0.016 |
| Heparin | 55 (12.7) | 41 (12.1) | 14 (14.9) | 0.592 |
| CCB, n (%) | 93 (21.5) | 77 (22.8) | 16 (17.0) | 0.229 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 173 (40.0) | 135 (39.9) | 38 (40.4) | 0.932 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 350 (81.0) | 271 (80.2) | 79 (84.0) | 0.398 |
| Oxygen, n (%) | 185 (42.8) | 143 (42.3) | 42 (44.7) | 0.681 |
| MRA, n (%)┼ | 241 (82.8) | 191 (81.6) | 50 (87.7) | 0.274 |
| Statin, n (%) | 17 (3.9) | 17 (5.0) | 0 | 0.027 |